Our Alumni Full Name Name of the College/University Name of the Degree Title Year Adithya M National Law School of India University (NLSIU), Bengaluru M. A. in Public Policy Public Policy Research Intern 2023 – 2024 Hirak Roy Chowdhury Ashutosh College, Kolkata B. A. (Hons.) in Political Science Public Policy Research Intern 2024 Shailja Lavania IGNOU, New Delhi M. A. in Political Science Public Policy Research Intern 2024 Snehitha Pachipulusu Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras Integrated M.A. in Development Studies Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2024 Kaushiki Sharma Kalindi College, University of Delhi B. A. (Hons.) in Political Science Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2024 Sarah Gairola Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics M. Sc. in Economics Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2025 Khushi Khan Mount Caramel College, Bengaluru M.P.P. (Master's in Public Policy) Public Policy & Political Research Intern 2025

www.crfhgr.org is the official website of Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human & Global Reforms, a Not-for-Profit Research Company working for Human and Global well-being. 1/4 REFORMING HUMANITY & WORLD ONE STEP AT A TIME इस भाषा में अभी तक कोई पोस्ट प्रकाशित नहीं हुई पोस्ट प्रकाशित होने के बाद, आप उन्हें यहाँ देख सकेंगे।

How to contact CRFHGR? How to reach out of Chirravuri Research Foundation? Who is the Chief, CEO, Chairman, Chairperson of CRFHGR? The leadership of CRFHGR? Who are working at CRFHGR? Contact us Phone Email Office Hours communications@crfhgr.org +91 - 9133863829 (WhatsApp only) Mon to Sat - 10:00 AM to 6:30 PM 2nd & 4th Saturdays of every month, national and public holidays are off * Let's Chat First Name Last Name Email Message Send Thanks for submitting! Join us

CRFHGR indulges in Public Policy Research, Grassroots Perception Studies, Behavioural Analysis, Citizen Advocacy, Campaign Innovation, Content Development, Media Studies, Stakeholder Engagement, Peace & Conflict Studies, Governance Consulting, Techno-politics and Social Impact Assessment Our Work How do we make our world a better place? How to contribute to human progress and make societies more peaceful and prosperous? What do we do to achieve this? Public Policy Research In simple words, Public Policy is what our governments choose to do (or) not. All governments try to do something good in the interest of society based on a certain conviction. We contribute to this process through research of new and existing policies. Citizen Advocacy Knowledge and information are useful only when they are shared. In the current digital age, we are going through a phenomenon known as 'content bombardment' sometimes leading to misinformation. It is important that citizens possess the right knowledge to combat ignorance and misinformation. Media Studies Media, whether print/electronic/digital plays a phenomenal role in setting-up and shaping social and societal discourses. Understanding and incorporating media perspectives into change and impact management is key to holistic well-being. Governance Advisory Contribute to the simplification of myriad aspects of governance in order to achieve intended impact by involving all the stakeholders. Capacity Building Capacity building is necessary to achieve intended results. Imparting knowledge through trainings, building better instincts, value systems and creating a sustainable environment for the effective individual functioning shall be undertaken. Grassroots Perception Studies Understanding ground realities is the most essential requirement in the area of social sciences research. We gather valuable data from our field visits, surveys and ethnographic studies and develop insights into the needs, aspirations and the perception of our individuals and communities. Campaign Innovation Innovation is everywhere! Anything (or) aspect of our life and society can be hugely impacted through innovation that inspires human action. Innovative campaigns act as force multipliers in social reform process. Stakeholder Engagement No reform or impact can be made possible without understanding the thoughts, concerns and opinions of the stakeholders associated with that reform decision. By engaging all necessary stakeholders, we strive to develop deeper insights and crafting solutions. Techno-politics Exploring and adopting new methods of technology into policymaking, politics and governance paving way for responsible digital societies. CSR Advisory The core human needs are changing, so are the challenges associated with fulfilling these needs. Bearing in mind the evolving nature and scope of core needs, we help corporates and other business partners to effectively and efficiently plan and execute their CSR activities driving social impact. Behavioural Analysis Human behaviour is complex. Yet, sometimes, behaviour of humans in groups could be less complex. How complex is it? Why is it so? How to understand it and use it to our needs is a huge branch of study. Content Development Who does not love engaging content? The key characteristic of a great content is driving enthusiasm among the audience. The key characteristic of impactful content is to translate enthusiasm into action. We strive for the creation of impactful content. Peace and Conflict Studies Peace cannot be achieved until conflict is understood and conflict cannot be understood until the root of all human insecurities are understood and addressed appropriately. We strive to understanding insecurities. Social Impact Assessment Observation, measurement and analysis of policy decisions to formulate consequent action. ESG Advisory Today individuals, communities and organizations are witnessing the perils of climate change. We work with them to build sustainable business systems and models that mitigate the climate risk while maintaining the quality of product or service. Focus Areas Education Agriculture Digital Governance Economy Environment Public Health Youth Democratic Reforms Global Governance

CRFHGR is a Not-for-Profit Research Company pursuing rigourous research in humanities and social sciences to promote progress, prosperity and peace at human, regional, sub-national, national and global levels. About us Chirravuri Research Foundation for Human and Global Reforms i.e., CRFHGR is a Section 8, Not-for-Profit Research Company that undertakes novel research in humanities and social sciences to promote progress, prosperity and peace in human societies at local, regional, sub-national, national and global levels. The agenda of CRFHGR is to make this world better by stepping into the uncharted paradigms of humanities and social sciences research. It was established in August 2023 after the approval and registration by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Gove rnment of India with the CIN: U72200TS2023NPL176476 and Section 8 Non-Profit License No. 147287 in Hyderabad, Telangana. Our Mission Building better systems through research and evidence-based practice. Understand the core challenges related to Human Development and Governance. Craft solutions to promote holistic well-being of individuals and communities. Zero avoidable human suffering Happier Human Lives True & perpertual world peace Our Vision The Leadership Akhil is a public policy researcher, a political consultant and, a doctoral research fellow in public policy with over 4 years of professional experience in public policy & legislative research, stakeholder engagement, campaign strategy & execution, narrative management, impact consulting and capacity building. His area of research interests are Techno-politics, Digital Societies & Governance and Citizen Activism. He believes in simplifying the matters of policy, administration and politics to all the stakeholders for informed decision-making thereby contributing to a better action and reform agenda. On the global governance front, he believes in the need of a new world order based on 'rules-based engagement' and 'reformed multilateralism'. Akhil Chirravuri (Chairman & Managing Director) 2 Draft Legislations 7 Parliamentary Constituencies 4 Political Parties 10 Political Campaigns 6 Politicians 15 Policy Review Papers Our Team , We are a compact team of professionals with rich professional experience across diverse backgrounds. Just as all the good things require time, our good team is in the process of expansion, gradually! A. Swathi Vaishnavi (Director) Swathi is a Chartered Accountant (C.A.) and an Auditor with 4 years of experience in Accountancy, Audit and Risk Consulting. A. V. S. Manikanta Sastry (Finance & Accounts Incharge) Sastry is a Financial Accountant with about 6 years of experience in financial management, corporate auditing and accounting. Sai Santosh Yakkali (Head – Innovation & Strategy) Santosh is a Management Consultant and an Entrepreneur with over 6 years of professional experience in management consulting, strategy execution & business innovation. Goutham Pratapa (Head – Web Development & Digital Technology) Goutham is a Software Engineer with over 9 years of experience in Linux, DevOps, MLOps, Machine & Deep Learning and Data Science. P. Prakash (Head – Communications & Outreach) Prakash is a PR consultant with over 5 years of experience in stakeholder engagement, communications and public relations. D. Hitesh Kumar (Head – Global Technology Policy Division) Hitesh is a Cloud Engineer and has a penchant for human and industrial development policies. He possesses over 8 years of professional experience in IT Consulting, Cloud Technology and Data Science. Dr. M. Azharuddin (Advisor – Urban Studies) Dr. M. Azharuddin is a Post-doctoral Researcher in Water Resources Managment at University of Minnesota. He possesses over 7 years of solid research experience in water resources management and urban development. Ram Jajula (Advisor) Ram is a public policy researcher & a political consultant with over 5 years of experience in campaign management, impact consulting, stakeholder management and, public relations. Our Alumni

Agriculture Leadership building & comprehensive agricultural policy in villages to ensure that new generation takes-up simple & profitable farming as a full-time profession. Regulatory and quality testing framework for organic & natural farming. Dividing the agricultural land across the nation into clusters for defined and increased agricultural prospects. Remunerative pricing for crops. Reforms related to land & revenue policies and adoption of comprehensive soil study through scientific methods. Reforms related to establishing food processing units and building robust supply chain systems and value chain systems. Reducing the transportation costs and other costs related to crop mobilization. Reforms related to building storage facilities.

Contribute to our research, advocacy and social welfare efforts through your support. We are a 12A & 80G Registered Company Your Donations are exempted under Section 80G of Income Tax Act, 1961 IMPORTANT INFORMATION Only Indian Domestic donations (in INR ₹) from Indian citizens (including NRIs) and Indian Entities having a valid PAN (Permanent Account Number) are accepted. Foreign Donations from Foreign Entities and Foreign Citizens are NOT accepted. Refunds are allowed with-in 7 days from the date of donation. Click here to read our complete refund policy. If donating online, please E-mail us the screenshot of your payment with Transaction ID or other details confirming the success of transaction along-with your PAN details on communications@crfhgr.org An Acknowledgement No. & Provisional Donation Receipt are shared with the donors after the confirmation of the donation from our end. Provisional Donation Receipt is NOT the same as IT Exemption Donation Certificate/Receipt. IT Exemption Donation Certificate/Receipt shall be shared via email (on the email id provided by the donor) 7-days from the date of donation. For more clarifications, write to us on communications@crfhgr.org Make a Donation! Contribute to our research, advocacy and social welfare efforts. आवृत्ति एक बार एक बार हर माह हर माह वार्षिक वार्षिक राशि ₹500.00 ₹500.00 ₹1,000.00 ₹1,000.00 ₹2,000.00 ₹2,000.00 ₹5,000.00 ₹5,000.00 ₹10,000.00 ₹10,000.00 अन्य अन्य 0/100 टिप्पणी (वैकल्पिक) दान करें How your Donations Are Used? How your Donations Are Used? How your Donations Are Used? How your Donations Are Used? Research Development Social Welfare Primary & Secondary Research To undertake primary and secondary research in Humanities, Management and Social Sciences disciplines and to generate new knowledge through scientific inquiry and practice for the purpose of individual, organizational and social betterment, and, also contribute to the noble goals of peace, prosperity and progress among humans and communities. We primarily indulge 39 areas across Humanities, Management and Social Sciences disciplines. Some of these areas are public policy & legislative research, governance advisory, social innovation & entrepreneurship, capacity building, organizational research, corporate governance, psychology & behavioural studies, legal research and gender studies among others. Social Welfare Quality education at primary, secondary and higher secondary levels, skill & vocational development, civic & voter education, digital literacy, gender equality, women empowerment, eradication of gender violence, and rural development and welfare activities rooted in research and evidence-based practice. Development Based on our research, we attempt to craft solutions and apply them to solve any given problem in the corresponding area(s) across the Humanities, Management and Social Sciences disciplines to leverage meaningful and positive impact on individuals, communities, organizations and societies. We also advise stakeholders on a course of action and be a part of the execution to achieve desired results.

We Are Coming SOON What is Bharat i-Voting ? Bharat i-Voting a.k.a. Bharat Internet Voting is one among the first secure & transparent Internet Voting projects in India experimenting with Blockchain Technology where Individual voters can vote on certain novel legislations / policies proposed (or) sponsored by public representatives, NGOs/CSOs or private citizens alike to leverage law-making process through our legislatures / government . It provides a space and platform for individuals to deliberate on pressing social matters that are not usually picked by the media or taken seriously by the governments due to other myriad reasons. Get on the List Sign up to receive the first word when we go live. First Name Last Name Email Subscribe Thanks for submitting!

Fundamental Rights [Right to Equality] (Article — 14: Equality before Law) The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. (Article — 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth) (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them. (2)No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to — (a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or (b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children. (4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. (5) Nothing in this article or in sub-clause (g) of clause (1) of article 19 shall prevent the State from making any special provision, by law, for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in so far as such special provisions relate to their admission to educational institutions including private educational institutions, whether aided or unaided by the State, other than the minority educational institutions referred to in clause (1) of article 30. (Article — 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment) (1) There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. (2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office under the State. (3) Nothing in this article shall prevent Parliament from making any law prescribing, in regard to a class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government of, or any local or other authority within, a State or Union territory, any requirement as to residence within that State or Union territory prior to such employment or appointment. (4) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4A) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion, with consequential seniority, to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State in favour of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. (4B) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from considering any unfilled vacancies of a year which are reserved for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision for reservation made under clause (4) or clause (4A) as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they are being filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent. reservation on total number of vacancies of that year. (5) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any law which provides that the incumbent of an office in connection with the affairs of any religious or denominational institution or any member of the governing body thereof shall be a person professing a particular religion or belonging to a particular denomination. (Article — 17: Abolition of Untouchability) "Untouchability" is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of "Untouchability" shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (Article — 18: Abolition of titles) (1) No title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. (2) No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign State. (3) No person who is not a citizen of India shall, while he holds any office of profit or trust under the State, accept without the consent of the President any title from any foreign State. (4) No person holding any office of profit or trust under the State shall, without the consent of the President, accept any present, emolument, or office of any kind from or under any foreign State. [Right to Freedom] (Article — 19: Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc) (1) All citizens shall have the right— (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions 1[or co-operative societies]; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. (2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. (3) Nothing in sub-clause (b) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (4) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause. (5) Nothing in sub-clauses (d) and (e) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said sub-clauses either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests of any Scheduled Tribe. (6) Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub-clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it relates to, or prevent the State from making any law relating to,— (i) the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practising any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business, or (ii) the carrying on by the State, or by a corporation owned or controlled by the State, of any trade, business, industry or service, whether to the exclusion, complete or partial, of citizens or otherwise. (Article — 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences) (1) No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. (2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. (3) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. (Article — 21 Protection of life and personal liberty) No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. (Article — 21A: Right to education) The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. (Article — 22: Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases) (1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice. (2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate. (3) Nothing in clauses (1) and (2) shall apply— (a) to any person who for the time being is an enemy alien; or (b) to any person who is arrested or detained under any law providing for preventive detention. (4) No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless— (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention: Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall authorise the detention of any person beyond the maximum period prescribed by any law made by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause (7); or (b) such person is detained in accordance with the provisions of any law made by Parliament under sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (7). (5) When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order. (6) Nothing in clause (5) shall require the authority making any such order as is referred to in that clause to disclose facts which such authority considers to be against the public interest to disclose. (7) Parliament may by law prescribe (a) the circumstances under which, and the class or classes of cases in which, a person may be detained for a period longer than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board in accordance with the provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4); (b) the maximum period for which any person may in any class or classes of cases be detained under any law providing for preventive detention; and (c) the procedure to be followed by an Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause (a) of clause (4). [Right against Exploitation] (Article — 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour) (1) Traffic in human beings and begar and other similar forms of forced labour are prohibited and any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. (2) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from imposing compulsory service for public purposes, and in imposing such service the State shall not make any discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste or class or any of them. (Article — 24: Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.) No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. (Article — 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion) (1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion. (2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law— (a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice; (b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. (Article — 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs) Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right— (a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; (c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and (d) to administer such property in accordance with law. (Article — 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion) No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination. (Article — 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions) (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds. (2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution. (3) No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto. [Cultural and Educational Rights] (Article — 29: Protection of interests of minorities) (1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same. (2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. (Article — 30: Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions) (1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. (1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause. (2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language. (Article — 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc) (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law providing for— (a) the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, or (b) the taking over of the management of any property by the State for a limited period either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of the property, or (c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper management of any of the corporations, or (d) the extinguishment or modification of any rights of managing agents, secretaries and treasurers, managing directors, directors or managers of corporations, or of any voting rights of shareholders thereof, or (e) the extinguishment or modification of any rights accruing by virtue of any agreement, lease or licence for the purpose of searching for, or winning, any mineral or mineral oil, or the premature termination or cancellation of any such agreement, lease or licence, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19: Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent: Provided further that where any law makes any provision for the acquisition by the State of any estate and where any land comprised therein is held by a person under his personal cultivation, it shall not be lawful for the State to acquire any portion of such land as is within the ceiling limit applicable to him under any law for the time being in force or any building or structure standing thereon or appurtenant thereto, unless the law relating to the acquisition of such land, building or structure, provides for payment of compensation at a rate which shall not be less than the market value thereof. (2) In this article, (a) the expression ―estate‖ shall, in relation to any local area, have the same meaning as that expression or its local equivalent has in the existing law relating to land tenures in force in that area and shall also include— (i) any jagir, inam or muafi or other similar grant and in the States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, any janmam right; (ii) any land held under ryotwari settlement; (iii) any land held or let for purposes of agriculture or for purposes ancillary thereto, including waste land, forest land, land for pasture or sites of buildings and other structures occupied by cultivators of land, agricultural labourers and village artisans; (b) the expression ―rights, in relation to an estate, shall include any rights vesting in a proprietor, sub-proprietor, under-proprietor, tenure-holder, raiyat, under-raiyat or other intermediary and any rights or privileges in respect of land revenue. (Article — 31B: Validation of certain Acts and Regulations) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in article 31A, none of the Acts and Regulations specified in the Ninth Schedule nor any of the provisions thereof shall be deemed to be void, or ever to have become void, on the ground that such Act, Regulation or provision is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part, and notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court or Tribunal to the contrary, each of the said Acts and Regulations shall, subject to the power of any competent Legislature to repeal or amend it, continue in force. (Article — 31C: Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles) Notwithstanding anything contained in article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing [all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV] shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by article 14 or article 19; [and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy]: Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent. [Right to Constitutional Remedies] (Article — 32: Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part) (1) The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed. (2) The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part. (3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to exercise within the local limits of its jurisdiction all or any of the powers exercisable by the Supreme Court under clause (2). (4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution. (Article — 33: Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc) Parliament may, by law, determine to what extent any of the rights conferred by this Part shall, in their application to,— (a) the members of the Armed Forces; or (b) the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order; or (c) persons employed in any bureau or other organisation established by the State for purposes of intelligence or counter intelligence; or (d) person employed in, or in connection with, the telecommunication systems set up for the purposes of any Force, bureau or organisation referred to in clauses (a) to (c), be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them. (Article — 34: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, Parliament may by law indemnify any person in the service of the Union or of a State or any other person in respect of any act done by him in connection with the maintenance or restoration of order in any area within the territory of India where martial law was in force or validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or other act done under martial law in such area. (Article — 35: Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,— (a) Parliament shall have, and the Legislature of a State shall not have, power to make laws— (i) with respect to any of the matters which under clause (3) of article 16, clause (3) of article 32, article 33 and article 34 may be provided for by law made by Parliament; and (ii) for prescribing punishment for those acts which are declared to be offences under this Part, and Parliament shall, as soon as may be after the commencement of this Constitution, make laws for prescribing punishment for the acts referred to in sub-clause (ii); (b) any law in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in the territory of India with respect to any of the matters referred to in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) or providing for punishment for any act referred to in sub-clause (ii) of that clause shall, subject to the terms thereof and to any adaptations and modifications that may be made therein under article 372, continue in force until altered or repealed or amended by Parliament.

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Directive Principles of State Policy Article 36 In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III. Article 37 The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws. Article 38 [State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people] (1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. (2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations. Article 39 [Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State] The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing — (a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub-serve the common good; (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women; (e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; (f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. Article 39A [Equal justice and free legal aid] The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. Article 40 [Organization of village panchayats] The State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-Government. Article 41 [Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases] The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want. Article 42 [Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief] The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief. Article 43 [Living wage, etc., for workers] The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way, to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. Article 43A [Participation of workers in management of industries] The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry. Article 43B [Promotion of cooperative societies] The State shall endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies. Article 44 [Uniform civil code for the citizens] The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. Article 45 [Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years] The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years. Article 46 [Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections] The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Article 47 [Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health] The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health. Article 48 [Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry] The State shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other draught cattle. Article 48A [Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life] The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. Article 49 [Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance] It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be. Article 50 [Separation of judiciary from executive] The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State. Article 51 [Promotion of international peace and security] The State shall endeavor to — (a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.